Con ocasión del centenario del nacimiento de Rodolfo Kusch, el artículo pretende rescatar al filósofo como parte de un nosotros, es decir, inscribirlo en una trama reflexiva, que el propio Kusch alimenta a la vez que es alimentado por ella. Para ello, apoyado en registros y documentos inéditos, se reconstruye la participación y el aporte del Kusch al equipo argentino de “Investigación filosófica de la sabiduría del pueblo argentino como lugar hermenéutico para una teoría de filosofía de la religión acerca (...) de la relación entre religión y lenguaje”, que desarrolló sus actividades entre 1977 y 1979, año del fallecimiento del filósofo argentino. El artículo se detiene tanto en las sugerencias de orden metodológico como en las reflexiones más temáticas realizadas por Kusch en el marco de aquella experiencia grupal. (shrink)

We propose a formal framework for interpretable machine learning. Combining elements from statistical learning, causal interventionism, and decision theory, we design an idealised explanation game in which players collaborate to find the best explanation for a given algorithmic prediction. Through an iterative procedure of questions and answers, the players establish a three-dimensional Pareto frontier that describes the optimal trade-offs between explanatory accuracy, simplicity, and relevance. Multiple rounds are played at different levels of abstraction, allowing the players to explore overlapping causal (...) patterns of variable granularity and scope. We characterise the conditions under which such a game is almost surely guaranteed to converge on a optimal explanation surface in polynomial time, and highlight obstacles that will tend to prevent the players from advancing beyond certain explanatory thresholds. The game serves a descriptive and a normative function, establishing a conceptual space in which to analyse and compare existing proposals, as well as design new and improved solutions. (shrink)

Since the publication of Universals and Scientific Realism (Armstrong 1978a, b) until Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics (Armstrong 2010), via Universals: An Opinionated Introduction (Armstrong 1989), a World of States of Affairs (Armstrong 1997), and Truth and Truthmakers (Armstrong 2004), David Armstrong has developed one of the most influential theories of instantiation in contemporary analytic metaphysics (see, for example, Lewis, in Aust J Phil 61(4), 343–377, 1983; Baxter in Aust J Phil, 79, 449–464, 2001; Forrest, in Aust J Phil, 83, (...) 213–228, 2006). Instantiation has been advocated by Armstrong to give a solution to what he has called the “pressing problem” of “the multiple location of property universals” (Armstrong, in Universals: An opinionated introduction. University Press, Cambridge, 1989, pp. 89–90). Here I argue that Armstrong’s theory of instantiation fails to solve the problem because it involves two kinds of instantiation to account for particulars “having” and “sharing” universals. As a viable alternative to Armstrong’s theory, I propose a theory of instantiation capable of accounting for both phenomena in a univocal way. (shrink)

The systematic importance of the eidetic account of phantasy for Husserlian phenomenology in general is undisputed, but whether this account can be relevant for Aesthetics has often been put into question. In this paper I argue that Husserl’s rich phenomenology of phantasy, and in particular his account of perceptual phantasy, can nevertheless significantly enhance our understanding of how we recognize and imaginatively participate in artistic fictions. Moreover, I show how Husserl’s peculiar formulation of a non-intuitive phantasy at stake in artistic (...) representation anticipates some uses of the imagination in Aesthetics suggested by Ernst Gombrich and Kendall Walton. (shrink)

Aristotle's Ethics develops a complex theory of the qualities which make for a good human being and for several decades there has been intense discussion about whether Aristotle's theory of voluntariness, outlined in the Ethics, actually delineates what modern thinkers would recognize as a theory of moral responsibility. Javier Echeñique presents a novel account of Aristotle's discussion of voluntariness in the Ethics, arguing - against the interpretation by Arthur Adkins and that inspired by Peter Strawson - that he developed (...) an original and compelling theory of moral responsibility and that this theory has contributed in important ways to our understanding of coercion, ignorance and violence. His study will be valuable for a wide range of readers interested in Aristotle and in ancient ethics more broadly. (shrink)

The paper reads Kant’s notion of radical evil as anticipating and clarifying problematic aspects of what Arendt called ‘the banality of evil’. By reconstructing Arendt’s varied analyses of this notion throughout her later writings, I show that the main theoretical challenge posed by it concerns the adjudication of responsibility for evil deeds that seem to lack recognisable evil intentions. In order to clarify this issue, I turn to a canonical text in which the relationship between evil and responsibility plays a (...) central role: Kant’s Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. Relying on an interpretation of this writing by Arendt’s mentor Karl Jaspers published in 1935, in evident connection to National Socialism, I challenge Arendt’s own interpretation of Kant’s notion of radical evil, which, I argue, represents an antecedent, rather than a contrast, to ‘the banality of evil’. For Kant, radical evil consists in the destruction of the person’s sense of responsibility, thus producing a self-exculpatory... (shrink)

The knowledge extraction from data with noise or outliers is a complex problem in the data mining area. Normally, it is not easy to eliminate those problematic instances. To obtain information from this type of data, robust classifiers are the best option to use. One of them is the application of bagging scheme on weak single classifiers. The Credal C4.5 model is a new classification tree procedure based on the classical C4.5 algorithm and imprecise probabilities. It represents a type of (...) the so-calledcredal trees. It has been proven that CC4.5 is more robust to noise than C4.5 method and even than other previous credal tree models. In this paper, the performance of the CC4.5 model in bagging schemes on noisy domains is shown. An experimental study on data sets with added noise is carried out in order to compare results where bagging schemes are applied on credal trees and C4.5 procedure. As a benchmark point, the known Random Forest classification method is also used. It will be shown that the bagging ensemble using pruned credal trees outperforms the successful bagging C4.5 and RF when data sets with medium-to-high noise level are classified. (shrink)

Many organisations in rich countries actively recruit health workers from poor countries. Critics object to this recruitment on the grounds that it has harmful consequences and that it encourages health workers to violate obligations to their compatriots. Against these critics, I argue that the active recruitment of health workers from low-income countries is morally permissible. The available evidence suggests that the emigration of health workers does not in general have harmful effects on health outcomes. In addition, health workers can immigrate (...) to rich countries and also satisfy their obligations to their compatriots. It is consequently unjustified to blame or sanction organisations that actively recruit health workers. (shrink)

This essay analyses the temporal structure that Rosenzweig develops mainly in his work The Star of Redemption in order to locate, on one hand, a messianic principle that organizes a specific theologico-political realm, and on the other, to understand the way in which certain terms from the judaic prophetic tradition are refunctionalized to activate in a concrete form a system of thought based on the premise of otherness.

Se trata de revisar el expresivismo respecto a emisiones de la forma "Creo que p". El expresivista sostiene que una emisión de "Creo que llueve" es una expresión, y no una descripción, de la creencia de que llueve. Se propone una variación del expresivismo según la cual una emisión así expresa la creencia consciente de que llueve, en el sentido de la teoría de la conciencia de Brentano: una creencia consciente de que llueve tiene el contenido de que llueve y (...) de que él mismo, el creyente, cree que llueve. The paper reviews expressivism with respect to statements of the form "I believe that p". The expressivist holds that the statement "I believe it is raining" is an expression and not a description of the belief that it is raining. The article proposes a variation of expressivism according to which such a statement expresses the conscious belief that it is raining, in the sense of Brentano's theory of consciousness. The content of the conscious belief that it is raining is that is raining and that the believer believes that it is raining. Neste artigo, pretende-se revisar o expressivismo a respeito de emissões da forma "Acredito que p". O expressivista sustém que uma emissão de "Acredito que chove" é uma expressão e não uma descrição da crença que chove. Propõe-se uma variação do expressivismo segundo a qual uma emissão assim expressa a crença consciente de que chove, no sentido da teoria da consciência de Brentano: uma crença consciente de que chove tem o conteúdo de que chove de que ele mesmo, o que acredita, acredita que chova. (shrink)

The previous chapters have provided a detailed overview of the variety of ethical challenges posed by the development of ICTs. By way of conclusion, in this epilogue I would like to invite the reader to look into the possible future of Information and Computer Ethics. More specifically, I shall try to forecast how the convergence of two fundamental trends of our times, globalization and the development of the information society, may interact with the ethical problems analysed in this book. The (...) exercise will not be based on some untenable technological determinism. Humanity is, and will remain, firmly in charge of its destiny and hence be responsible for it. Rather, it will mean adopting the farmer's view that, with enough intelligence, toil and a bit of luck, one might be able to tell today what one will probably reap tomorrow. Before trying to ‘look into the seeds of time, and say which grain will grow and which will not’ (Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act I, Scene III, 59–62), two clarifications might be in order. First, the future of globalization is a phenomenon too complex even to sketch in this brief epilogue. For a synthetic, well-balanced and informed overview, the reader may wish to consult Held and McGrew (2001) and consider that this chapter is written from what Held et al. (1999)) have defined as a ‘transformationalist perspective’, according to which ‘globalization does not simply denote a shift in the extensity or scale of social relations and activity. (shrink)

The prelims comprise: Introduction Semantic Information The Mathematical Theory of Communication Some Philosophical Approaches to Semantic Information Conclusion Acknowledgments Some Web Resources.

Este artículo discute el problema de la libertad en el pensamiento crítico de Kant, tomando como base tres momentos. Primero, el modo como Kant plantea y soluciona el problema de la libertad en la tercera antinomia de la Crítica de la razón pura. Segundo, cómo Kant investiga la ley de la libertad en la Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres. Tercero, cómo Kant relaciona ley y libertad a fin de demostrar la realidad objetiva de la libertad en la Crítica (...) de la razón práctica. Centrado en esta tripla acepción, el artículo concluye que la libertad es la clave de bóveda de la razón y solo tiene realidad objetiva mediante un factum de la razón. (shrink)

Este artículo considera algunas de las indagaciones de Søren Kierkegaard como aportaciones de primer orden que tuvieron eco entre pensadores clave en el siglo XX, entre los que podemos contar a Martin Heidegger y a Walter Benjamin. Más que una exposición histórica, el artículo se centra sobre todo en dos puntos. Por una parte, analiza la noción del pecado original, reconstituye su sentido como condición ontológica más allá de un ámbito religioso y describe su función específica para la construcción de (...) la subjetividad. Por otra parte, describe una idea de la temporalidad de este filósofo que se desprende de su estrategia de lenguaje, y muestra de qué forma Kierkegaard buscaba con ello llevar a cabo el paso de la teoría a la experiencia. This paper aims at interpreting certain arguments developed by Søren Kierkegaard as eminent discoveries for his day, and that had a huge impact on major 20th-century thinkers, such as Martin Heidegger and Walter Benjamin. More than a historical synthesis, this paper focuses on two issues. on the one hand, it analyzes the notion of original sin, restructuring its meaning out of a religious context and describing its specific function for the construction of subjectivity. on the other hand, it describes a concept of time that derives from the philosopher's specific use of language, showing thus how Kierkegaard sought to work out an explicit transition from theory to experience. (shrink)

El choque entre el éthos cívico y las tendencias individuales de los ciudadanos en la Atenas clásica muestra cómo la ciudad hizo frente al reto que suponían algunas opiniones individuales en relación con la cohesión cívica. Mi análisis pretende ilustrar este enfrentamiento tomando como referencia la figura que de Sócrates establece la Apología de Platón; en concreto, su comportamiento ante el tribunal puede arrojar luz sobre cuál podía ser el efecto de ciertas actitudes individuales en el seno del éthos ateniense. (...) El presente estudio no pretende alcanzar un conocimiento en profundidad de la vida política en la pólis ateniense sino más bien ofrecer una reflexión sobre la compleja relación existente entre el individuo y el estado. (shrink)

In this essay I claim that Hilary Putnam’s recent rejection of his former doctrine of internal realism as solipsistic is a misfired claim. Putnam’s rejection of his early doctrine is illustrated by the criticism of his own verificationist account of truth and justification, which is based on the counterfactual conditional: “S is true if and only if believing S is justified if epistemic conditions are good enough”. By accepting that whatever makes it rational to believe that S also makes it (...) rational to believe that S would be justified were conditions good enough, Putnam concludes that the verificationist unavoidably steers between solipsism and metaphysical realism. As opposed to this, I claim that Putnam’s later criticism of his own internal realism fails to acknowledge the pragmatic side of this philosophical approach; namely, the idea that, regardless the close relation between truth and justification, not all sentences in a language game are to be understood in a verificationist fashion. Thus, the understanding of the counterfactual “S would be justified if epistemic conditions were good enough” doesn’t call for a verificationist reading, which, as Putnam claims, yields solipsism, but rather, for a pragmatic approach which emphasizes on the non-formality of language understanding. (shrink)

In this essay I propose a criticism of Richard Rorty’s dualism between the public and the private. According to Rorty’s ironic utopia, the intellectual should not try to fuse public and private drives, since both spring from different sources and are qualitatively incompatible. Thus, Rorty’s utopia consists in a radical irreconcilability between private intellectuals who create their own language and the general public for which such language has little to no impact. In this essay, however, I argue that Rorty’s ironic (...) proposal is not consistent since: 1) Rorty himself acknowledges that the vocabulary and imagination of private intellectuals, such as Socrates and Galileo, eventually – if it is appealing enough – becomes the canon; and 2) because Rorty’s conception of philosophy, which he shares with the classical pragmatists, does not allow the idea of a philosophical problem as not making a difference in practice, which is the case with the problems with which is concerned the creative philosopher of Rorty’s utopia. As opposed to such detached idea of philosophical creativity, I argue that, as the classical pragmatists claimed, all philosophical thought, in order to account as a practical difference, is relational, and not, as Rorty claimed, romantically solipsistic. (shrink)

Este artículo plantea el problema de la multiplicación de comentarios en torno a la obra de Benjamin como una situación que ha de incidir en las metodologías de su interpretación. A través del tratamiento de dos términos precisos – teología y mesianismo – se argumenta la importancia de una crítica que tome en cuenta el contexto de recepción sociolingüístico del intérprete. Se busca así contribuir a generar metodologías que puedan abrir paso a tratamientos que propongan una recepción crítica renovada.

This article reviews the text and interpretation of some ancient evidence on the pronunciation of syllable coda m in Latin. Crucial textual emendations are suggested for passages by Annaeus Cornutus and Velius Longus, and the resulting evidence is reinterpreted in the light of current phonological theories. Some of the accepted views on the pronunciation of –m are challenged by highlighting the likely sound variation in neutralization contexts. The evidence from both grammarians and inscriptions reveals that the possibility of m sounding (...) [n] in the internal preconsonantal position could have been more widespread than previously thought. (shrink)

The human rights system continues to evolve including new groups that are discriminated or oppressed in the world. Spain, as a Western country seemingly respectful of human rights must meet the challenge of maintaining that respect after the recent adoption of the recently approved United Nations Convention on the rights of people with disabilities (functional diversity), and modify its social policies, current laws, as well as prevent new laws that discriminate on the grounds of functional diversity, such as the recent (...) proposed law of sexual and reproductive health and abortion. (shrink)

In this paper we deal with some limitations of the Philosophy of Religion and the Philosophical Theology of Zubiri. In section 1 we discuss ten topics relevant to Phenomenology of Religion as explained in the course The Theologal Problem of Man (1971). They have to do with the intellectual access to God, the nature of faith, religion, the divine and the sacred, the personal and institutional dimensions of religion, the diversity of religions, their historicity, the superiority of theism and Christianity (...) as the supreme truth of religion. In section 2.1 we discuss the approach to the ‘problem of God’ in the Final Writing (1983) of Man and God. Starting from the ‘relatively absolute’ character of human being, Zubiri shows that he is ‘religated’ to the ‘power of the real’. The ‘enigmatic’ nature of this situation would ‘throw us’ towards its ground. In 2.2 we deal with the exposition that he made in the Rome Course (1973) of the ‘path of religation’, which intends to lead from the fact of religation to the reality of an ‘absolutely absolute’ ground of reality. Throughout these three sections we explain the multiple difficulties of historical, phenomenological, epistemological and metaphysical nature that we find in his argumentation. (shrink)

Although the employment situation of disabled people has widely been identified as in need of improvement, progress in this area remains slow. While some progress has been made in including the physically or sensory disabled in the workplace, other types of disability have been largely neglected. This applies particularly to disabled workers in atypical employment, such as those whose workplace is the Digital Economy. In this article, we discuss the case of disabled app developers as a significant example of how (...) the current regulatory framework fails to be inclusive in its attempts to protect the rights of disabled Digital Economy workers. We identify two problems that are at the heart of this: first, a continuing failure to collect relevant and comprehensive data on disability, and second, a lack of accountability towards disabled workers in atypical employment. Consequently, we call for better data collection and argue for urgent policy changes to close the existing accountability gap. (shrink)